Global Clinical Epidemiology of Carbapenem- Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia and Association with Mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis_Crimson Publishers

Global Clinical Epidemiology of Carbapenem- Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia and Association with Mortality: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Huang Shifeng in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease

https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/fulltext/CJMI.000569.php

Objectives: This study was aimed to systematically review published data to evaluate the clinical epidemiology, to explore the risk factors for the acquisition of CRE bacteremia among hospitalized patients and to find out their association with mortality.

Methods: The reports concerning the CRE bacteremia in hospitalized adult patients among the published literature before May 2019 were identified by a systematic search of Pubmed, EMBASE and Cochrane. Summary odds ratios(OR) were calculated using random effects models, and study quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale.

Results: Totally 573 literatures were retrieved out, and we identified 42 studies to calculate the statistically significant pooled odds ratio, of which 22 papers describing factors for CRE-BSIs morbidity and 26 papers for mortality. Previous antibiotic exposure (OR 7.71; 95% CI 2.82-21.08; I-squared=87%), following by mechanical ventilation (OR 4.54; 95% CI 2.55, 8.08; I-squared=78%) and admission to ICU (OR 4.17; 95% CI 3.02-5.76; I-squared=72%) device generated the highest pooled estimate for CRE-BSIs morbidity. Underlying diseases or conditions lead to an unfortunate ending for patients with CRE-BSI. Appropriate empirical therapy contributed to reduce mortality for CRE-BSIs, and the use of ceftazidime-avibactam, lower Pitt bacteremia score or APACHE2 score were also relevant to control mortality.

Conclusion: The worldwide morbidity and mortality for CRE-BSIs are high. We should standardize medical practices, optimize the therapeutic approach, timely monitor relevant indicators to control hospital outbreaks.

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Modeling the Transmission Dynamics of LASSA Outbreaks in Nigeria States_Crimson Publishers

Modeling the Transmission Dynamics of LASSA Outbreaks in Nigeria States by Samuel Oluwafemi OYAMAKIN in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease

https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/fulltext/CJMI.000568.php

A nonlinear deterministic model was considered to study the dynamics transmission and control of LASSA fever virus. The total population was divided into seven mutually exclusive classes between human and rodents as susceptible human, exposed humans, infected human, removed human, susceptible rodents, exposed rodents and infected rodents. Existence and uniqueness of the solution of the model were determined, the basic reproduction number is derived the model threshold parameter was examined using next-generation operator method. The existence of disease-free equilibrium point and endemic equilibrium point was carried out. The model result shows that diseases free equilibrium is local asymptotically stable at Ro< 1 and unstable at Ro> 1, the model is globally asymptotically stable. Sensitivity analysis of the model parameters was carried out in order to identify the most sensitive parameters on the disease transmission using data from the Nigeria States.

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Cellular and Bacterial Genetic Sequences in Monkey-Derived Stealth Adapted Viruses_Crimson Publishers

 Cellular and Bacterial Genetic Sequences in Monkey-Derived Stealth Adapted Viruses by W John Martin in  Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease

https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/fulltext/CJMI.000567.php

Stealth adapted viruses differ from the viruses from which they are derived in not being effectively recognized by the cellular immune system. This is because of the deletion or mutation of the genes coding for the relatively few virus components, which are generally targeted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Stealth adapted viruses do not, therefore, normally evoke inflammation, the hallmark of most infectious illnesses. A stealth adapted virus was repeatedly cultured from the blood of a patient with the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed on the culture identified the virus as being derived from an African green monkey simian cytomegalovirus (SCMV). The PCR also amplified a genetic sequence closely related to a normal cellular gene. Further analysis of the viral DNA indicated that it was fragmented and genetically unstable. Moreover, additional genetic sequences have been incorporated into the replicating virus genome. Several of the additional sequences are originally of cellular origin with subsequent genetic modifications. Other incorporated sequences are of bacteria origin. PCR performed on cultures from some other CFS patients, led only to the amplification of modified cellular sequences, including sequences clearly derived from the rhesus monkey genome. It is proposed that as part of the stealth adaptation process, sequences of the original infecting virus can be largely displaced by cellular and/or bacteria sequences, which have essentially switched their affiliation to that of the stealth adapted virus. For this reason, they are referred to as renegade sequences. The term “renegade viruses.” is also proposed to describe those viruses in which the originating conventional virus sequences have yet to be detected. The findings are relevant to efforts to seek a virus cause of many common illnesses, including CFS, and to the possible misattribution of certain illnesses to bacterial infections.

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Comparison of Fulminantly Fatal Bacteremias Due to Extensively-Drug Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Acinetobacter Baumannii in a Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit During an 8- Years’ Period_Crimson Publishers

Comparison of Fulminantly Fatal Bacteremias Due to Extensively-Drug Resistant Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Acinetobacter Baumannii in a Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit During an 8- Years’ Period by Maria Katsiari in  Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease

https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/fulltext/CJMI.000565.php

Background: Infections due to extensively drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria entail limited treatment options and high mortality and pose an important public health problem. Severe infection causes multiple organ dysfunction through complex mechanisms, which involve either the host, or the pathogenicity of the microorganism. The aims of the present study were the determination of potential risk factors of a fulminant fatal course of bacteremia caused by extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(XDR- Kp) and the comparison of fulminantly fatal bacteremias due to XDR-Kp versus XDR Acinetobacter baumannii (XDR-Ab) strains within a 8-years’ period.

Methods: Patients with monomicrobial XDR-Kp (n=60) or XDR-Ab (n=87) bacteremias were divided into three groups, according to ICU outcome (survival, early or late death). Τhe clinical characteristics of patients along with pathogen and treatment-related factors were compared by ANOVA statistics and multinomial logistic regression.

Results: Patients with unfavorable outcome revealed higher disease severity at ICU admission and on bacteremia day. Administration of corticosteroids or renal replacement treatment on infection day was significantly higher in the fulminantly fatal group. Pathogens’ resistance pattern and appropriate treatment did not affect outcome. Fulminant bacteremias due to CR-Kp emerged significantly later during ICU hospitalization compared to XDR-Aba. Pathogens’ resistance pattern, regarding colistin and tigecycline, differed between XDR-Kp and XDR-Ab strains. Conclusions: Higher disease severity and administration of corticosteroids and renal replacement therapy posed patients at higher risk for fulminantly fatal course of CR-Kp bacteremia. Receipt of appropriate treatment did not affect outcome.

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Types of Microorganisms at Nosocomial Infections on the Surface of Laryngoscope Before Intubation at General Anesthesia by Asghar Karbord_Crimson Publishers

Types of Microorganisms at Nosocomial Infections on the Surface of Laryngoscope Before Intubation at General Anesthesia by Asghar Karbord in  Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease

https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/fulltext/CJMI.000564.php

Introduction: Laryngoscope is using for endotracheal intubations. Inadequate decontamination of laryngoscope can develop nosocomial infections. If the blade isn’t disconnecting from laryngoscope after intubation can be transmit infections to handle. This study considering prevalence and types of bacteria isolated separately from laryngoscope blades and handles.

Method: This cross-sectional study was in the operating rooms of the educational and treatment center of Qazvin University of Medical Science in province Qazvin in Iran at 2018. 40 Laryngoscope blades and 40 laryngoscope handles were sampled after disinfection, with 4 methods disinfection: (1-Water, Povidon Iodine 7.5%, Ethanol 70%), (2-Water, Povidon Iodine 7.5%, Deconex (guaifenesin and phenylephrine 53 plus), (3-Water, Povidon Iodine 7.5%) and (4-Ethanol 70%)”. Samples were cultured on Mueller Hinton 5% sheep blood agar plate, MacConkey agar and Manitol salt agar. Inoculating plates were incubated at 37 ᵒC for 48 hours. Dominant microorganism and other growth bacteria identified comparatively.

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Candida Parapsilosis Sensu Stricto Can Act as a Pathobiont in Conditions of Oral Dysbiosis_Crimson Publishers

 Candida Parapsilosis Sensu Stricto Can Act as a Pathobiont in Conditions of Oral Dysbiosis by Rodríguez L in  Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease

https://crimsonpublishers.com/cjmi/fulltext/CJMI.000562.php

Recent publications have reported high prevalence of Candida parapsilosis Sensu Stricto in oral cavity niches. Our research group performed a pilot study in 2017 which showed that of the psilosis complex, Candida parapsilosis Sensu Stricto is the species most frequently isolated from oral cavity niches. Under inflammatory conditions, the probability of recovering it is almost four times higher, and it displays higher biofilm-forming capacity in-vitro, differing significantly from isolates of the same species obtained in conditions of eubiosis. This led us to hypothesize that an oral environment in dysbiosis overregulates virulent genes, promoting a more pathogenic phenotype. Accordingly, we decided to re-evaluate the in-vitro biofilm formation assay using a larger sample, under two nutritional conditions, using colorimetric methods for quantification. In addition, the results obtained were validated by imaging techniques. For both clinical conditions (eubiosis and dysbiosis), high biofilm forming phenotype predominated with both reading methods, and for both nutritional conditions tested. XTT showed significant difference between absorbance values for isolates from buccal dysbiosis and eubiosis (P=0.0025). Candida parapsilosis Sensu Stricto cells that colonize oral cavity niches are basically strong biofilm formers, regardless of in vitro growing conditions. However, the oral cavity in dysbiosis probably promotes virulence in this species due to inheritable epigenetic modifications.

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